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The Apostles of Linnaeus were a group of students who carried out botanical and zoological expeditions throughout the world that were either devised or approved by botanist Carl Linnaeus. The expeditions took place during the latter half of the 18th century and the students were designated 'apostles' by Linnaeus.〔Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 173–174.〕 Many apostles began their journey from Sweden. Some would act as chaplains or doctors aboard a Swedish East India Company ship. The expeditions were often dangerous. Seven apostles never came home. The first apostle, Christopher Tärnström, died of a tropical fever on Côn Sơn Island in 1746. Tärnström's widow was angry with Linnaeus for making her children fatherless. After this incident, Linnaeus sent only unmarried men. Linnaeus remained involved in most expeditions. He often left notes for the apostles and outlined what they should look for during their journeys, and the apostles sent letters and botanical samples to Linnaeus. Upon their return, it was usual to give Linnaeus a selection of anything collected. However, Daniel Rolander elected not to transfer his collection and was criticised by Linnaeus. Many newly discovered plants, animals and insects were named and catalogued by Linnaeus and apostles. As a result, the apostles' expeditions helped spread the Linnaean taxonomy, a system for classifying organisms. Additionally, one of Linnaeus' admirers, the English Botanist Joseph Banks, was inspired to begin the tradition for all British research ships to have a naturalist aboard. Thus apostles had a direct influence on future expeditions such as Charles Darwin's expedition aboard HMS ''Beagle''.〔Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 184.〕 == Origins == Carl Linnaeus was born in Råshult, Småland, Sweden on 23 May 1707.〔Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 12.〕 Linnaeus enrolled at Uppsala University to study botany and medicine in 1728.〔Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 23–25.〕 Following his studies, he went to the Netherlands to study medicine.〔Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 94.〕 While in the Netherlands, he published ''Systema Naturae'' that describes a new system for classifying plants.〔Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 98.〕 Linnaeus returned to Sweden in May 1741 and was appointed Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University. Nine years later he became the university's rector, starting a period where natural sciences were held in the greatest esteem. Perhaps the most important contribution Linnaeus made during his time in Uppsala was as a teacher. His lectures were normally full and often held in the Botanical Garden. He taught students to think for themselves and not trust anybody. The Saturday botanical excursions during summer were more popular than his lectures. Linnaeus and students explored the flora and fauna in the vicinity of Uppsala.〔 Additionally, he let some of the best students live with him at his house.〔Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 172–173.〕 Among Linnaeus' notable students, the most promising and committed ones made botanical expeditions to various places in the world, often with the help of their professor. These seventeen adventurers were referred to as Linnaeus' apostles.〔Mary, Gribbin (2008). pp. 56–57.〕 The amount of this help varied; sometimes he used his influence as Rector to grant his apostles a place on an expedition or a scholarship.〔Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 189–190.〕 Most apostles were given instructions of what to find during their journeys. The apostles collected, organised and classified new plants, animals and minerals according to Linnaeus' classification system. Most gave their collections to Linnaeus when their journey finished.〔Broberg, Gunnar (2006). pp. 37–39.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Apostles of Linnaeus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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